Abstract Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS) is a high-precision analytical technique based on Bragg diffraction, which identifies and quantifies elemental composition by precisely measuring the wavelengths of characteristic X-rays. Compared to conventional Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), WDS offers unparalleled advantages in analyzing trace elements and resolving complex spectral overl...
The validation of electrostatic discharge has now become a compulsory step to most of the electronic products, industry assemblies, smart appliances, battery run modules as well as devices that require safety. In the real-world unforeseen cases of static discharge can break gates of semiconductors, destroy microprocessor control logic, corrupt sensor values or cause intermittent resets in electron...
Conducted Emission measurement has a great dependence on electromagnetic compliance testing. Also, in laboratories testing switching power supplies, electronic appliances, industrial controls, medical systems, and automotive modules, the quality of the measurement is not only based on the quality of the receiver, but also based on hardware in the chain of the test. These supporting systems, among ...
With the globalization of industries towards electrification, smart power distribution, automobile automation and electronics in consumer devices being smaller than ever, the demand has been put on verifying the fire-safe polymer materials more than any other time. The consumers, regulators and certification bodies have greater expectations towards manufactures in terms of material resistance to f...
Testing corrosion resistance is an essential demand in marine hardware, industrial hardware, metal surface finishes, connector housing, electro-plated parts, valves and in coated automotive hardware. In such applications, the corrosion process does not have an immediate effect; it develops slowly by a combination of atmospheric moisture, ionic contaminants and oxygen. In long periods of time under...
One of the most expensive and disruptive faults that have occurred in electrical systems is the insulation failure. Regardless of the application and the utility transformers, switchgear assemblies, rotating motors, GIS panels, surge arrestors or distribution relays, irrespective whether the dielectric systems have failed, this is reporting directly to extended outages, fire hazards, damaged equip...
Environmental sealing is increasingly important in the manufacture of electrical, mechanical, automotive, and outdoor industrial products in order to be functional and safe. Since dust is a major pollutant during the field deployment in the harsh conditions of desert, mining, roadside installation, textile processing or agricultural zones, it is important to ensure that equipment can withstand exp...
Professional lighting evaluation requires correct measurement of luminous distribution and beam shape, light intensity distribution, uniformity and directional output. In current illumination systems, total lumens are no longer a significant consideration and rather accurate angular distribution of light is used to establish compliance, visual comfort, energy efficiency and harmonious beam in prac...
In November 2025, a severe fire in Tai Po, Hong Kong, filled people’s hearts with profound sorrow. Amid the roaring flames, textiles inside the building, such as curtains, carpets and decorative fabrics, burned rapidly. The toxic smoke released and the fast-spreading blaze not only narrowed the escape routes but also posed immense challenges to the rescue operations. This tragedy serves as a...
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