12 Tests for protection against access to hazardous parts indicated by the first characteristic numeral 12.1 Access probes Access probes to test the protection of persons against access to hazardous parts are given in table 6. 12.2 Test conditions The access probe is pushed against or (in case of the test for first characteristic numeral 2) inserted through any openings of the enclosure with the f...
When assessing the effectiveness of insulating materials, thermal conductivity is a key feature to take into account. Applications ranging from thermal insulation to electronics depend on these materials’ high thermal resistance. Thermal chambers are used as important instruments for performing thorough testing in order to precisely measure and evaluate thermal conductivity. Researchers and ...
Introduction Goniophotometry is a tried-and-true technology that has been used for a good number of years as a means of measuring and describing light. In order to keep up with the always shifting requirements of business, goniophotometers are also consistently advancing in their capabilities. This article focuses on new advancements in technology and other areas that have the potential to influen...
I. European standard The European standard is the evolution of a coding system that was introduced EN60529 for the first time in 1934 in Germany. It was first introduced into various national standards and then into international recommendations as well (see Section 18) 1. Numeration A special explanation follows to provide greater clarity of the numbering system: Due to the complicated structure...
Introduction Over the last several years, significant advancements have been made to the integrating sphere used in high-precision spectroradiometers. These advancements have made it possible to conduct measurements that are accurate and reliable for a diverse array of light sources, including LEDs. In the domain of precise light characterisation—which is in great demand across industries—futu...
Introduction Corrosion is a common problem that arises in many different industries because it shortens the lifespan of products, structures, and materials. Through meticulous testing and analysis, corrosion damage may be mitigated to some extent. Temperature and humidity chambers have emerged as an essential piece of equipment in the field of testing for corrosion resistance. Their primary functi...
16 Accessibility of Live Parts 16.1 General 16.1.1 A live part that poses a risk of electric shock shall be located or enclosed so that the risk of contact is reduced. 16.1.2 The input impedance of the voltmeter used to measure voltage in accordance with the requirements of 16.2.1 and 16.3.1 is to be a minimum of one megohm. The input impedance of a meter with more than one megohm input impedance ...
In recent years, with the development of LED technology and modern facilities such as global plant factories and vertical farms, the plant lighting market has ushered in new development opportunities, becoming the choice of many lighting manufacturers to compete in differentiated ways. Optical measuring equipment, especially the LPCE-2 Integrating Sphere Spectrophotometer system can help the devel...
Introduction The performance, dependability, and longevity of automotive components and systems may be evaluated under severe temperature settings, making thermal chambers an essential tool for automotive testing. The automobile sector works in a wide range of climates, where even little temperature shifts may have a major influence on vehicle performance and durability. In order to simulate real-...
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